The aim of this study was to provide an ultrasound-based super-resolution methodology that can be implemented using clinical 2-dimensional ultrasound equipment and standard contrast-enhanced ultrasound modes. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received for publication Decemand accepted for publication, after revision, February 20, 2019.Ĭonflicts of interest and sources of funding: The authors would like to thank the following funding agencies: Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/M007804/1), Medical Research Council UK (MRC/CIC3/027 and G0800896), British Heart Foundation (PG/10/021/28254), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N015320/1), and BK Medical Ltd (Herlev, Denmark) for their support.Ĭorrespondence to: Vassilis Sboros, PhD, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Physics, and Bio Engineering, Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, EH14 4AS United Kingdom. **Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. #Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands and ♭epartment of Urology, AMC, University Hospital, Amsterdam ∥Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA §Center for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ‡Institute for Digital Communications, and †Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Such evidence base could support the incorporation of these methodologies into routine patient management for decision making and reliable risk stratification.From the *Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Physics, and Bio Engineering, and Beyond point-to-point agreement with FFR, further studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical safety/efficacy of these computational tools regarding patient outcomes. Technological advancements have enabled the large-scale application of blood flow simulation (computational fluid dynamics ) to medical imaging, thereby enabling the virtual assessment of coronary physiology.Īreas covered: This review summarizes the stand-alone non-invasive (coronary computed tomographic imaging) and invasive (coronary angiography) imaging approaches which were initially used for predicting FFR, and focuses on the use of blood flow modeling for functional assessment of coronary lesions in clinical practice.Įxpert commentary: Validation studies of CFD-derived methodologies for functional assessment have shown that virtual indices correlate well and have good diagnostic accuracy compared to pressure wire-FFR despite inherent limitations of spatial resolution and assumptions regarding boundary conditions in flow modeling. However, the use of the pressure wire constitutes a hurdle for the universal adoption of physiology-guided patient management. Introduction: Hemodynamic indices derived from measurements with the pressure wire (primarily fractional flow reserve ) have been established as a reliable tool for assessing coronary stenoses and improving clinical decision making.
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